Social Psychology Research

Abstract Introduction: Emotion recognition and social functioning are critical components of childhood socio-emotional development, significantly influencing interpersonal relationships, behavioral adaptation, and psychological well-being. This study aimed to compare emotion recognition abilities and social functioning across three distinct groups: children with emotional externalizing behaviors, emotional internalizing behaviors, and normally developing children.
Methods: Using a causal-comparative design, this study examined 90 sixth-grade elementary students from the Fardis district of Karaj during the 2022-2023 academic year. Participants were selected through convenience sampling and purposefully divided into three equal groups (n=30 per group). Assessment instruments included the Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist (2002) for behavioral classification, the Ekman Facial Emotion Recognition Test (1976) for emotion recognition assessment, and the Child and Adolescents Social Adaptive Functioning Scale (Price et al., 2002) for evaluating social functioning. Data were analyzed using Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA).
Results: Significant differences were found among the three groups on both emotion recognition and social functioning measures (p < 0.01). Normal children demonstrated superior social functioning compared to both clinical groups. Interestingly, children with emotional externalizing behaviors showed enhanced emotion recognition capabilities relative to other groups. These findings suggest that emotional regulation impairments do not necessarily indicate deficits in emotion recognition, but rather differences in interpreting, processing, and applying emotional information in social contexts.
Conclusion: The results emphasize the need for targeted educational and therapeutic interventions that address emotional-social integration in children with emotional disorders. Future research should employ longitudinal designs and mixed methods to further elucidate these complex relationships.

Abstract Introduction: An individual's attitude toward time and their childhood relationships can significantly influence their behaviors, both normal and abnormal, as well as their tendencies toward addiction. This research aims to predict internet addiction by examining various types of time perspectives and patterns of object relations.
Method: This study was descriptive and correlational in nature, focusing on first-year female secondary school students in Tehran during the 2021-2022 academic year. From this population, 311 students were selected as the research sample using convenience sampling. Data were collected through three instruments: the Internet Addiction Questionnaire (Young, 1998), the Time Perspective Inventory (Zimbardo, 1999), and the Object Relations Inventory (Bell, 1995). The data were analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis.
Findings: The results of the data analysis indicated that among the different time perspectives, a hedonistic present orientation, a positive past perspective, and a goal-oriented future outlook, along with self-centeredness in object relations, significantly predicted internet addiction among female students. The relationship between internet addiction and both hedonistic and fatalistic present time perspectives, as well as negative past orientation, was found to be positive and significant. Conversely, the relationship with other time perspectives was negative and significant. Additionally, internet addiction showed a positive and significant relationship with all patterns of object relations, including self-centeredness, alienation, social incompetence, and insecure attachment (P ≤ 0.05).
Conclusion: Given the confirmed role of time perspective and object relations in predicting internet addiction, it is recommended that these 

Abstract Intoduction: Personality traits have been always one of the most important predictors of consumer behavior, especially shopping-related behaviors so this predicts online shopping inclination based on personality characteristics.
Method: This research was a descriptive correlational. The statistical population was all 18-year-olds who lived in Karaj city and among them (50 females  - 50 males) selected by convenience sampling method. and answered to online shopping inclination scale and HEXACO personality questionnaire, then the collected Data were analyzed by Pearson's correlation and multivariate regression method.
Results: The results showed that extroversion and openness to experience, had a positive significant relationship with online shopping inclination and other traits had no significant relationship with online shopping inclination. Also, the results of multivariate regression analysis showed that extroversion and openness to experience can predict a total of 27% of online shopping inclination variances (P≤0.01).
Conclusion: Regarding the relationship between personality traits and online shopping inclination, it is suggested that strategies tailored to personality traits be used for attracting online customers and increasing their willingness for shopping.
 Keywords: Online Shopping Inclination, Personality Traits, HEXACO Traits Model