Social Psychology Research

Abstract Introduction: The use of mobile phones in education, particularly at the elementary level, can serve as an effective learning tool. However, challenges such as unequal access to technology and the need for proper supervision must also be considered. Although mobile phones offer educational benefits for elementary students, they also present various risks. This study aimed to evaluate and compare fears related to smartphone inaccessibility (nomophobia) among elementary school students in Shiraz. Four dimensions of fear were examined: fear of losing connection with others, fear of losing emotional bonds, fear of losing information, and fear of losing comfort and convenience. Method: This study employed a quantitative approach using a comparative descriptive-survey design. The population comprised all upper elementary students (grades 4–6) in Shiraz during the 2024–2025 academic year. A stratified random sample by gender was selected, including 115 male students (63%) and 67 female students (37%). Nomophobia was assessed using the Yildirim and Correia Scale (2015), a 23-item Likert-type questionnaire with four subscales: fear of losing bonds, fear of losing information, fear of losing connection, and fear of losing comfort. Content validity and reliability were confirmed via correlation coefficients and Cronbach’s alpha (total α = 0.86). Data were analyzed using one-sample t-tests, multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), repeated-measures ANOVA, and Bonferroni post hoc tests. Results: The results indicated that among male students, fears of losing bonds and losing information were above the benchmark mean, while fears of losing connection and losing comfort were at the benchmark level. Among female students, fears of losing connection, losing bonds, and losing comfort were above the benchmark, whereas fear of losing information was at the benchmark level. Female students scored significantly higher than males across all four fear dimensions. Fear of losing connection was identified as the predominant fear in both genders. Conclusion: The pervasive influence of smartphones on students’ daily lives necessitates comprehensive interventions encompassing educational, psychological, and family-based strategies to alleviate nomophobia-induced anxiety. The implementation of gender-specific approaches and substitute activities emerges as a pivotal component for program efficacy.

Abstract Introduction: This study aimed to analyze the influence of various dimensions of social participation—namely political, civic, religious, and cultural participation—on general health and its components (somatic symptoms, anxiety-insomnia, social dysfunction, and depression) among male senior high school students in Khorramabad.
Method: The research employed a descriptive-correlational design. The statistical population comprised all male senior high school students in Khorramabad during the spring of 2022, from which a sample of 210 participants was selected using multi-stage cluster sampling. Data were collected using the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ; Goldberg & Hillier, 1979) and a researcher-made Students' Social Participation Questionnaire (SSPQ). Pearson's correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis were employed for data analysis.
Results: Participation in political, civic, religious, and cultural activities demonstrated a significant positive correlation with higher general health scores, as well as significant negative correlations with somatic symptoms, anxiety-insomnia, and depression (p < 0.01). However, no significant correlation was observed between any dimension of social participation and social dysfunction. Regression analyses revealed that civic and religious participation were significant positive predictors of general health and significant negative predictors of somatic symptoms, anxiety-insomnia, and depression (p < 0.05). In contrast, political and cultural participation did not emerge as significant predictors in the regression models.
Conclusion: Civic and religious participation emerged as the primary predictors of general health among male senior high school students, highlighting their unique and important role in promoting adolescent health and well-being.

Abstract Introduction: Internet addiction is a significant mental health concern among adolescents, associated with various negative individual and social consequences. Stressful experiences and social appearance anxiety—defined as concerns about negative evaluation by others—are recognized as major risk factors for the development of this addiction. However, the mediating role of social support in these relationships remains underexplored. The present study aimed to examine the causal model of internet addiction based on stressful experiences and social appearance anxiety, with social support as a mediating variableMethod: This descriptive-correlational study was conducted among male high school students in Ardabil during the academic year 2023–2024. A sample of 450 students aged 12 to 14 years was selected using multi-stage cluster sampling. Data were collected using Young's Internet Addiction Questionnaire (1998), the Stressful Experiences Questionnaire (Maslach, 2015), the Social Appearance Anxiety Scale (Hart et al., 2008), and the Perceived Social Support Scale (Zimet et al., 1988). Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and structural equation modelin
Results: The results revealed that stressful experiences (β = 0.394, p < 0.001), social appearance anxiety (β = 0.862, p < 0.001), and social support (β = 0.489, p < 0.001) each had a direct positive effect on internet addiction. Furthermore, mediation analysis indicated that social support modulated the negative effects of stressful experiences and social appearance anxiety on internet addiction.
Conclusion: Social support functions as a psychological shield, mitigating the detrimental effects of daily stressors and appearance-related concerns on the tendency toward unhealthy internet use. Accordingly, strengthening support networks for at-risk students may play an effective role in preventing internet addiction.

Abstract Introduction: The present study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of time perspective training on hope and quality of life in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Method: This study employed a quasi-experimental design with pre-test, post-test, and three-month follow-up, including a control group. Participants were selected through purposive sampling and were then randomly assigned to either an experimental group or a control group. The experimental group received time perspective training over eight weeks, while the control group received no intervention. The study population comprised all patients with type 2 diabetes who were referred to a diabetes and endocrinology treatment center in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, during the summer of 1402 (2023).
Results: The findings revealed that the time perspective training approach significantly increased hope (F = 7.391, p = 0.010) and improved quality of life (F = 11.674, p = 0.002) among patients with type 2 diabetes.
Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that time perspective training can serve as an effective intervention for enhancing hope and improving the quality of life in patients with type 2 diabetes. These changes appear to influence not only individual aspects but also social dimensions of well-being. Accordingly, time perspective training may be utilized as an effective method to promote the mental and social health of individuals with diabetes.

Abstract Introduction: Sexual diversity is a disorder that usually occurs when love fades in relationships and there is no desired sexual satisfaction in that relationship. The purpose of the present study was to predict sexual diversity based on attachment styles with the mediating role of impulsivity among couples studying at Islamic Azad Universities in Tehran Province. Method: The research method was descriptive-correlational based on structural equations. All couples studying at Islamic Azad Universities in Tehran Province in the academic year 1402-1403, with 181 female and 119 male respondents. The sample size was determined to be 287 people. However, ultimately 300 people completed the questionnaires. These people were selected through non-random and purposive sampling. Information was collected through the attachment styles questionnaires of Bartholomew and Horwitz (1991), attitudes towards infidelity (extramarital affairs) by Whatley (2008), and impulsivity questionnaires of Barrett et al. (1995). Data were analyzed through descriptive and inferential methods using Student's t-test. Results: Based on the findings, attachment styles, with the mediating role of impulsivity, predicted couples' sexual diversity. This finding indicates that attachment style and impulsivity indices were significantly able to predict sexual diversity (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Based on the findings, attachment styles, mediated by impulsivity, affect couples' sexual diversity. In general, it can be noted that personality and psychological characteristics, such as impulsivity and attachment styles, can affect various aspects of marital relationships, including sexual diversity.

Abstract Introduction: Introduction: Marital intimacy is a multifaceted construct encompassing emotional, affective, and social dimensions, rooted in acceptance, satisfaction, and love. This study develops a structural model of marital intimacy based on distress tolerance and differentiation, examining the mediating role of the quality of relationships with in-laws among married women seeking counseling.  Method: Using a descriptive-correlational design and structural equation modeling, this study included 239 married women from counseling centers in Nourabad County, Lorestan Province. Participants completed the Differentiation of Self Inventory (Skowron & Smith, 1998), the Quality of Relationship with In-Laws Questionnaire (Cheraghi, 2014), the Marital Intimacy Scale (Thompson & Walker, 1983), and the Distress Tolerance Scale (Simons & Gaher, 2005). Data were analyzed using SPSS-22 and Smart PLS.  Results: Distress tolerance accounted for 17% and differentiation of self for 21% of the variance in marital intimacy. Additionally, distress tolerance indirectly explained 10% of marital intimacy through relationship quality with in-laws, while differentiation of self contributed 5%. Both constructs had significant direct, indirect, and total effects on marital intimacy (differentiation: β = 0.209, 0.110, 0.320; distress tolerance: β = 0.169, 0.167, 0.336; all p ≤ 0.05).  Conclusion: The findings highlight the significant roles of distress tolerance and differentiation in marital intimacy, with relationship quality with in-laws serving as a key mediator. Interventions aimed at enhancing these factors may improve marital intimacy in married women attending counseling centers. 

Abstract Introduction: In today's world, the increasing dependence on mobile phones has led to negative effects on individuals’ daily lives, resulting in mental, physical, and social harm. This study aims to predict mobile phone addiction based on feelings of loneliness and social anxiety among female high school students.
Method: This study employed a descriptive-correlational design and utilized regression analysis. The population consisted of all female high school students attending Exceptional Talents High in Mashhad during the 2023 academic year (N=1500). From this population, 336 students were selected through multi-stage cluster random sampling. Data collection involved the use of standardized questionnaires, including the Mobile Phone Addiction Scale (Leung, 2008), the Loneliness Scale (DiTommaso, 2004), and the Social Anxiety Scale (Puklek & Viddec, 2008). The data were then analyzed using multiple regression and path analysis techniques.
Finding: The correlation coefficients showed a significant positive relationship between dimensions of loneliness, social anxiety, and components of mobile phone addiction. The regression results indicated that, among the dimensions of loneliness, family loneliness had stronger predictive power for mobile phone addiction. Similarly, among the dimensions of social anxiety, the behavioral aspect showed a stronger predictive capability. Additionally, emotional loneliness was found to have a stronger predictive power for social anxiety among the dimensions of loneliness (p < 0.05). Path analysis further demonstrated that loneliness influenced mobile phone addiction both directly and indirectly, as did social anxiety.
Conclusion: Loneliness and social anxiety are significant factors in mobile phone addiction, highlighting the necessity for community awareness about technology and its proper usage.

Abstract Introduction:The concept of social health is a concept that has been considered along with the physical and mental dimensions of health. Promoting social health includes areas of social action to develop the level of health. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between resilience and social support with social health with the moderating role of self-compassion in students of Payame Noor University, South Tehran Branch.
Method: The design of the present study was descriptive and correlational. The statistical population of the study was all students of Payame Noor University, South Tehran Branch in the academic year 2016-2017. And responded online to the Keys and Shapiro (2004) Social Health Questionnaire, the Neff Self-Compassion Scale (2003), the Connor & Davidson (2003) Resilience Questionnaire, and the Zimet et al.'s Social Support Questionnaire (1988). 
Results: multiple regression analysis showed that the resilience component predicts 34% and social support 27% of the variance of social health. Also, resilience and social support indirectly and with their modulating role, compassion predicts 24% and 4% of the variance of social health, respectively. Self-compassion also has a 39% positive effect on explaining social health.
Conclusion: Social health can be enhanced through factors such as resilience and social support, and in the meantime, the more self-compassion people have, the more desirable it can be.