Social Psychology Research

Abstract Introduction: Human development involves systematic use of personal resources to understand the surrounding world, with children learning socialization through evolutionary-genetic processes. This systematic review aimed to identify factors affecting socialization in preschool-aged children (3-6 years). Methods: This qualitative study employed a systematic review methodology following PRISMA guidelines. Searches were conducted in domestic databases (Comprehensive Humanities Portal, Noor specialized journals, Jihad Daneshgahi, Mag Iran) and international databases (Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct) from 2015 to 2024 using keywords "socialization" and "sociability of preschool children." After quality assessment using the PRISMA checklist, 85 articles were selected for final analysis using content analysis methods. Results: Content analysis revealed six main categories affecting preschool socialization: parent-child relationships, individual differences in children, developmental factors, psychological factors and processes, environmental-cultural factors, and gender-related factors, each containing multiple subcategories. Conclusion: The findings indicate that parent-child relationships, individual differences in children, and psychological factors/processes constitute the most significant contributors to preschool children's socialization. These factors warrant attention in clinical assessments and should inform the development of targeted educational interventions for caregivers and child mental health professionals.

Abstract I Introduction: This study aimed to examine the psychometric properties of the Helping Attitude Scale (HAS), originally developed by Nickel (1998), and its relationship with prosocial tendencies in an Iranian sample. Method: Employing a descriptive-survey design, this research selected 384 individuals over the age of eighteen from Gorgan, Iran, via cluster sampling. Participants completed the Helping Attitude Scale (HAS) and the Desirable Social Tendencies Questionnaire. Content validity was assessed through expert review, and construct validity was evaluated using exploratory factor analysis. Internal consistency reliability was measured with Cronbach’s alpha. Results: Exploratory factor analysis confirmed a single-factor structure for the scale. The HAS demonstrated acceptable internal consistency, with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.70 for the total score. Furthermore, significant correlations were found between the total HAS score and the dimensions of the Desirable Social Tendencies Questionnaire (p < 0.01), indicating satisfactory criterion-related validity. Conclusion: The Persian version of the Helping Attitude Scale exhibits acceptable validity and reliability. It is therefore a suitable instrument for assessing helping attitudes within the Iranian population and can provide valuable insights into related beliefs, feelings, and behaviors for both research and applied psychological settings.

Abstract Introduction: This study aimed to examine the mediating effect of musical intelligence on the association between successful intelligence and wisdom among piano players. Method: The present research is correlational. The statistical population in this study consists of piano players in Arak city during the academic year of 2023. A convenience sample of 300 piano players was selected using an online platform. Data collection tools included the San Diego Wisdom Scale (Thomas et al., 2022), the Successful Intelligence Questionnaire (Grigorenko & Sternberg, 2002), and the Multiple Intelligences Questionnaire (Gardner, 1983). Statistical analysis of data was performed using AMOS-28 and SPSS software. Results: Results showed that the direct effects of successful intelligence and musical intelligence on wisdom were significant. Moreover, the results revealed that musical intelligence mediated the relationship between successful intelligence and wisdom. Additionally, the proposed model exhibited an acceptable fit to the data (RMSEA = 0.071, p < 0.05), indicating that 90% of the variance in wisdom was explained by successful intelligence via the mediating role of musical intelligence. Conclusion: Therefore, piano players' wisdom can be influenced by their successful intelligence and musical intelligence. Additionally, musical intelligence comprises analytical, creative, practical, and wisdom-based aspects, which are useful for both composing and performing music, as well as for understanding and knowledge of music among piano players.

Abstract Introduction: Having a healthy society depends on the prosocial behavior of its people, so it is important to understand the factors that affect these behaviors. The aim of this study was to investigate the variance-based model of the mediating role of aggression in the relationship between narcissism and prosociality in university students.
Method: The research design is descriptive-correlational. The statistical population of the study included 7589 students of Islamic Azad University in 2023, and 341 people participated in the research using combined sampling method (The first stage is cluster random and the second stage is available). The questionnaires of narcissism (Raskin and Terry, 1988), aggression (Zahedifar, 2000), and prosocial personality battery (penner, 2002) were used to collect data. Data analysis in the framework of structural equation modeling using Smart P. L. S 3.2.8 software was done.
Results: The results showed that the general research model fits well with the data. The findings showed that the direct effect of narcissism on aggression and the direct effect of aggression on the prosocial personality (P<0.01) and the indirect effect of narcissism on prosociality is significant (P <0.05).
Conclusion: The results have implications for the conceptualization of narcissism, the importance of the mediating role of aggression, and improving the understanding of prosocial personality. Therefore, considering the confirmation of the mediating role of aggression in the relationship between narcissism and prosocial, programs for training and reducing their aggression can be considered to reduce narcissism and increase prosocial in students.

Abstract Introduction: Parents are considered as the most important factor in socializing children and adolescents. Researches has confirmed the effectiveness of gratitude on the pro-social behavior; hence the purpose of this study is to explain the relationship between parent’s psychological control and children’s pro-social behavior by the mediation of the gratitude.
Methods: The research method is a descriptive correlation study. The statistical population of the study included all high school students in Yazd in the academic year ‎2020-2021‎. The sample size was 350 people who were selected with the multi-stage cluster sampling method and 308 people completed the questionnaires. Research Measurement included Dependency-Oriented and Achievement-Oriented Psychological Control Scale (Soenens et al, 2010), Multi-component Gratitude Measure (Morgan et al, 2017) and Pro-social Tendencies Measures (Carlo & Randall, 2002) that have been completed by students.
 Results: The findings using structural equation modeling showed that final model has a good fitness. Also, findings of research hypothesis analysis showed that psychological control of parents could negatively and statistically significant predict pro-social behavior and relationship between gratitude and pro-social behavior was negatively and significant Moreover, the mediation role of gratitude in the relationship between parental psychological control and pro-social behavior was confirmed.
Conclusion: According to the research findings, it can be concluded that less psychological control of parents in the family context, and more children's skills in gratitude, can promotes their pro-social behavior.

Abstract  Introduction: Socialism as a personality trait refers to presenting a desirable and pleasant image of oneself. Understanding the predictors of socialization leads to a better understanding of the factors that strengthen social interactions. This study aimed to predict Socialism based on social exchange styles and Parenting Styles in students. 
Method: The design of the present study was descriptive and correlational. The statistical population included all students of the Graduate Center of Payame Noor University of Tehran In the 2020-2021 academic year. 200 students were selected by Purposive sampling. The Socialism Questionnaire Questionnaire (Penner, 2002), the Social Exchange Styles Scale (Leybman et all, 2011), and  Parenting Styles Questionnaire (Baumrind, 1967) were used to collect data. Data were analyzed using multiple regression analysis. Data were analyzed in Spss-24 software.
Results: The results showed that fairness and overinvestment exchange style and Authoritative parenting style can significantly predict Socialism in students (p≤0.001). The results of the standardized regression coefficient also showed that justice with a standard beta of 0.35 has the highest predictive power.
Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, it can be said that fairness and overinvestment exchange style, and Authoritative parenting can explain and justify socialism and can be used to identify the underlying factors of socialization.

Abstract Introduction: Present study with the aim of identifying affective factors on prosocial behavior is to vestigate about relationship between prosocial personality with social health and locus of control in students of university.
Method: Method of this study is kind of correlation study. Statistical population is all students of Imam Khomeini International University of Qazvin. The sample included 100 people was selected through cluster sampling. Data were collected by Penner's Prosocial Personality Questionnaire, Keyes' Social Well-being Questionnaire and Rotter's Locus of Control Scale. The data were analyzed through backward stepwise regression Pearson's correlation coefficient.
Results: The results show there is a positive significant correlation between all of prosocial personality subscales and dimensions of social health unless Social Responsibility and Self-reported altruism which have a negative significant correlation with Social Contribution, and Perspective Taking which doesn’t have any significant correlation with any dimensions of social health. Also, all of prosocial personality subscales have positive significant correlation with locus of control unless Empathic Concern and Perspective Taking. results of regression showed that locus of control and some dimensions of social health are suitable predictor variables for some subscles of prosocial personality.
Conclusion: Based on findings it can be concluded that improving social health and also reinforcing internal locus of control can increase prosocial behaviors.