Social Psychology Research

Abstract Introduction: The present study aimed to compare social well-being, family crisis-oriented personal evaluation, and cognitive flexibility between mothers of children with learning disabilities (LD) and mothers of typically developing (TD) children. Methods: This cross-sectional comparative study included a sample of 120 mothers recruited via convenience sampling from the Baran and Sahel Learning Disability Centers in Hamadan, Iran, during the 2023–2024 academic year. The sample comprised two equal groups: 60 mothers of children with LD and 60 mothers of TD children. Participants completed the Family Crisis-Oriented Personal Evaluation Scale (F-COPES; Olson et al., 1981), the Social Well-Being Scale (Keyes, 1998), and the Cognitive Flexibility Inventory (Dennis & Vander Wal, 2010). Data were analyzed using a multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). Results: Results indicated significant differences between the two groups across all dependent variables. Specifically, mothers of children with LD reported significantly lower levels of social well-being, family crisis-oriented personal evaluation, and cognitive flexibility than mothers of TD children. Conclusions: These findings suggest that mothers of children with learning disabilities experience diminished social well-being and cognitive flexibility, and face greater vulnerability when managing family crises. This study highlights the urgent need for comprehensive psychosocial interventions to support the mental health of these mothers. Future research should evaluate the effectiveness of integrated psychological support and coping skills training programs aimed at improving psychological outcomes for mothers of children with learning disabilities across diverse sociocultural contexts.

Abstract Introduction: Social intelligence is essential for students' academic success and psychological growth; however, the mediating role of cognitive flexibility in the relationships between self-esteem, spiritual intelligence, and social intelligence has been understudied. The present study aimed to address this gap by examining these relationships, with cognitive flexibility as a mediator.
Method: This cross-sectional, correlational study examined the direct and indirect relationships among the variables using structural equation modeling (SEM). The statistical population comprised all 723 male upper secondary school students in Maragheh, Iran, during the 2024–2025 academic year. A sample of 256 participants was determined using Soper’s a priori sample size calculator for structural equation models and selected via simple random sampling. Data were collected using the Tromsø Social Intelligence Scale (Silvera et al., 2001), the Self-Esteem Scale (Crocker et al., 2003), the Spiritual Intelligence Scale (King, 2008), and the Cognitive Flexibility Inventory (Dennis & Vander Wal, 2010). Data were analyzed using SPSS version 26 and AMOS version 24.
Results: The proposed model demonstrated good fit to the data (CFI > 0.90, RMSEA < 0.08, SRMR < 0.08). Self-esteem (β = 0.182), spiritual intelligence (β = 0.293), and cognitive flexibility (β = 0.213) had significant, positive direct effects on social intelligence (p < 0.01). Furthermore, cognitive flexibility significantly mediated the indirect effects of self-esteem (0.028) and spiritual intelligence (0.070) on social intelligence (p < 0.01).
Conclusion: The findings indicate that enhancing self-esteem, spiritual intelligence, and cognitive flexibility can directly and indirectly improve students' social intelligence, thereby facilitating better communication skills, social interactions, and school adjustment. Accordingly, school-based educational programs designed to boost self-esteem, cultivate spiritual intelligence, and strengthen cognitive flexibility are recommended to promote students' mental health and academic success.

Abstract Introduction: Female-headed households in underprivileged areas, due to economic and psychological hardships, are more vulnerable to emotional divorce and marital conflicts than others. The present study aimed to examine the direct and indirect effects of matrimonial expectations and differentiation on interpersonal sensitivity, with emotional divorce playing a mediating role, among women supported by the Imam Khomeini Relief Foundation in Yasuj.
Method: This applied research employed a descriptive-correlational design and structural equation modeling. Using convenience sampling, 200 women supported by the Yasuj branch of the Imam Khomeini Relief Foundation were selected during the years 2023–2024. Data were analyzed using correlation methods, path analysis, and the Sobel test. The instruments used in this study included the Interpersonal Sensitivity Measure (Boyce & Parker, 1989), the Marital Expectations Questionnaire (Omidvar et al., 2009), Differentiation of Self Inventory (Skowron & Friedlander, 1998), and the Emotional Divorce Questionnaire (Gottman & Silver, 1994).
Results: The path analysis results indicated that marital expectations and differentiation had both significant direct and indirect effects on the interpersonal sensitivity of women supported by the Imam Khomeini Relief Foundation in Yasuj. Moreover, emotional divorce significantly mediated the relationship between marital expectations and interpersonal sensitivity (indirect effect = 0.061, total effect = 0.243, p < 0.05). Emotional divorce also mediated the relationship between differentiation and interpersonal sensitivity (indirect effect = 0.065, total effect = 0.400), and this mediation was confirmed by a Sobel test statistic of 2.016 (p < 0.05).
Conclusion: Therefore, enhancing differentiation and moderating marital expectations can improve interpersonal sensitivity among female-headed households by reducing emotional divorce. The quality of marital relationships results from the interplay of individual, interpersonal, and systemic factors, and psychological interventions should adopt an integrated approach.

Abstract Introduction: Substance use disorder (SUD) is a complex phenomenon with wide-ranging consequences for mental health, family dynamics, and social functioning. This study aimed to model the emotional processing styles of individuals with a history of SUD relapse, examining the roles of attentional bias and perceived social support, with substance use craving serving as a mediating variable.
Method: This descriptive-correlational study utilized structural equation modeling (SEM). The sample comprised 201 individuals with a history of SUD relapse recruited from treatment centers in Gilan Province, Iran, via simple random sampling between 2021 and 2022. Data were collected using the Substance Use Craving Questionnaire (Fadardi et al., 2008), the Attentional Bias Questionnaire (Shostrom, 1996), the Emotional Processing Style Questionnaire (Baker et al., 2010), and the Social Support Appraisals Questionnaire (Vaux et al., 1986). Data analyses were conducted using SPSS (Version 16) and LISREL (Version 8.80).
Results: The results indicated that the proposed structural model demonstrated a good fit. Attentional bias and social support exhibited direct, positive effects on substance use craving, and craving, in turn, significantly influenced emotional processing styles. Additionally, social support demonstrated a moderating effect on the relationship between attentional bias and craving. Specifically, dysfunctional emotional processing styles (p < .01) and attentional bias (p < .05) had direct, significant effects on substance use craving.
Conclusion: The findings highlight the pivotal role of craving in the relapse process. Maladaptive emotional processing styles and heightened attentional bias increase vulnerability to relapse. Conversely, robust social support serves as a protective factor and should be integrated as a core component of relapse prevention interventions.

Abstract Introduction: Menopause is a natural stage of women's lives and occurs when women lose their fertility. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of psychosocial education along with stress relief techniques on psychological well-being and social isolation in postmenopausal women. Method: The research method was carried out using a two-group matched design with pre-test and post-test. The statistical population of the study included all women with premenopausal symptoms in Karaj in 2022-2023. The sample of this study included 30 women with premenopausal symptoms who were selected through purposive sampling. Results: The research tools were: Psychological Well-Being and Social Isolation Questionnaire. The results showed that psychosocial education along with stress relief techniques is effective in improving psychological well-being and social isolation (p<0.05). Conclusion: This training, due to the feeling of relaxation in the individual, can improve the well-being and social isolation of menopausal women and enable them to cope with the stress and anxiety of menopause. Therefore, it is suggested that in future research, people of different ages should also be studied.  

Abstract Abstract
Introduction: Students can be one of the biggest social assets of any country, so paying attention to their all-round growth is considered one of the important duties of an educational system. The purpose of the present research was to investigate the effectiveness of the training package of quality of life in school on the help-seeking and academic satisfaction of students.
Method: the research design was quasi-experimental with pre-test-post-test control group. The statistical population of the research includes; all the female students from the second year of elementary schools in Khorram Abad.  The sampling method was a multi-stage cluster, where the target sample was randomly allocated in two experimental (20 people) and control (20 people) groups. The data were collected using Ryan and Pintrich's academic help-seeking (1997), Sheikhul-Islami and Ahmadi's academic satisfaction questionnaires (2012). The experimental group was trained by the quality of life package at school for 12 sessions, and they did not receive a training certificate; after completing the training course, both groups were given a post-test. The data were analyzed using multivariate and univariate analysis of covariance.
Results: The results obtained from the analysis showed that there is a significant difference (P<0.001) between the post-test grades of help-seeking and academic satisfaction of the students in the experimental group.
Conclusion: Therefore, it can be concluded that the application of the educational package of the quality of life in school leads to an increase in the amount of help-seeking and academic satisfaction of students.

Abstract  Introduction: Addiction is one of the social harms that society is always involved with. By improving some social and psychological characteristics in addicted people, the treatment process can be facilitated more favorably. With Farish's cognitive-behavioral therapy approaches, it is possible to help in various ways to improve the social and psychological capabilities of addicted people and to facilitate the treatment process. Therefore, this research was conducted with the aim of the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy based on Michael Frisch's model on social responsibility and psychological well-being in drug addiction treatment centers. Method: The research was semi-experimental, with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population included all the treatment-seeking drug addiction treatment centers under the supervision of the Welfare Organization Mashhad, from which 30 people were voluntarily selected and randomly placed in two groups of 15 people, experimental and control. To collect data, the Salkovskis Social Responsibility Questionnaire (Salkovskis, 2000) and the Riff Psychological Well-Being Questionnaire (1989) were used. The experimental group received 8 sessions of cognitive-behavioral therapy based on Michael Frisch's model. The data were analyzed based on multiple covariance analysis. Results: The results of the research showed that cognitive-behavioral therapy based on the Michael Frisch model led to accountability improvement (F=7.943, P<0.05) and improved cognitive well-being (F=9.971, P<0.05), and seeking treatment to get rid of addiction. Conclusion: Based on this, counseling centers and addiction treatment camps can also use non-drug treatment methods to help addicts, according to the results of the present study.  

Abstract Introduction: Couples facing infidelity often suffer severe emotional trauma. To investigate the relationship between moral intelligence, perfectionism, and attitudes toward extramarital relationships in married men, we conducted a study. method: The present research is a correlational study of the structural equation model type. The statistical population consisted of 100 married men from Kermanshah in 2022. The sampling method used was availability. Data collection tools included the moral intelligence questionnaires of Lenik and Keel (2005), Whatley's (2008) attitude scale towards extramarital relationships, and Hill's (2004) perfectionism scale. Data analysis was done in two parts: descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation) and inferential statistics (Pearson correlation coefficient and structural equations) using SPSS 25 and PLS 3 statistical software. Findings: The results of the findings showed a negative and significant relationship between moral intelligence and attitude towards extramarital relationships (r=-0.274 and p05/0>), and a significant negative relationship between moral intelligence and perfectionism (r=-0.251 and p05/0>), there is a positive and significant relationship between perfectionism and attitude towards extramarital relationships (r = 0.234 and p05/0>), as well as a negative and significance relationship between moral intelligence and attitude towards extramarital relationships with the mediating role of perfectionism (r=-0.059 and p05/0>). Conclusion: Moral intelligence is related to perfectionism and extramarital relationships, and high moral intelligence can predict the positive aspects of perfectionism and a more negative attitude towards extramarital relationships.

Abstract Introduction: Addiction is one of the most important deviations and social harms and is considered a social disease whose physical and mental effects have negative consequences on the individual, family members, and society. This research was conducted to compare family functioning, social support, and irrational beliefs in open addicts undergoing compulsory treatment and self-reported addicts in treatment centers. Method: The research design is a comparative causal one, with the statistical population consisting of all open addicts undergoing compulsory treatment and self-identified drug addicts from private drug addiction treatment camps in Ahvaz. A total of 170 individuals (80 open addicts and 90 self-identified drug addicts) volunteered to participate in the study. The data was collected through the family functioning questionnaire of Cong et al. (2022), social support by Zimet et al. (1988), and unreasonable beliefs of the researcher (1402). The data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance. Findings: The findings showed that family functioning, social support, and irrational beliefs of self-identified addicts and open addicts are different. Conclusion: It is suggested that to improve the quality of the functioning of the families of self-identified drug addicts and open addicts, it is necessary to prepare a familiarization course with the optimal functioning of the family; attention to social support, and reduction of irrational thinking is recommended.

Abstract Introduction: Place attachment is the emotional bond that a person forms with a place. This concept influences people's life experiences in three domains: emotional, cognitive, and behavioral. The aim of this study was to examine the moderating role of the length of residence on the relationship between place attachment and mental health and social well-being in women living in Tehran.
Method: This was a descriptive-correlation study and the sample consisted of 241 women living in Tehran. They were selected by the convenience sampling method. The instruments used in this study were Safarinia's place attachment scale (2011), Besharat's mental health scale (2009), and Keys' social well-being scale (1998). The data were analyzed using structural equation modeling with SPSS v.20 and Smart PLS v.3 software.
Results: The results indicated that there was a positive and significant relationship between place attachment and mental health, as well as between place attachment and social well-being. Although there was a positive and significant relationship between the length of residence and place attachment, the length of residence did not moderate the relationship between place attachment and mental health and social well-being.
Conclusion: Based on the findings, it can be concluded that place attachment has a significant role in enhancing women's mental health and social well-being.

Abstract Introduction: Social anxiety is one of the most debilitating anxiety disorders, the symptoms of which begin at the beginning of adolescence and continue until the later periods of development. This disorder creates disorders in personal life, beliefs, interactions, work life, and other functional aspects of a person. Therefore, identifying effective interventions in patients is of particular importance. The purpose of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of behavioral activation and mode deactivation therapies on antisocial core beliefs and solving the social problem of 15-18-year-old boys with high social anxiety.
Method: The current research was a semi-experimental type of pre-test, post-test, and a two-month follow-up period with a control group. The statistical population included all students aged 15 to 18 with social anxiety in the 2nd education district of Isfahan in the academic years 2021 and 2022. For this purpose, using a multi-stage cluster random sampling method, 600 students were screened from among boys' high schools in the 2nd education district of Isfahan by implementing Paklak's social anxiety scale adolescent (2004). They were randomly assigned to two experimental groups (20 people each) and a control group (20 people). The people in the experimental groups participated in parallel and simultaneous treatment sessions of behavioral activation and mode deactivation; But for the control group, there was no intervention. The measurement tools included short form-compound core beliefs questionnaire by Apsche & De-Meo (2012) and a social problem-solving inventory by Drzila et al. (2002). To analyze the data, the statistical method of analysis of variance of repeated measurements and Bonferroni's posthoc test was used in SPSS-24 software.
Findings: The results showed that behavioral activation therapy on social problem solving and mode deactivation therapy on antisocial core beliefs had stronger effectiveness than other treatment methods for 15-18-year-old boys with social anxiety and the effects of the interventions were stable over time (p<0.01).
Conclusion: The findings of this research emphasize the importance of paying attention to antisocial core beliefs and social solving problems in adolescents with high social anxiety and have important practical implications for therapeutic interventions for adolescents with social anxiety.