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<!DOCTYPE ArticleSet PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD PubMed 2.7//EN" "https://dtd.nlm.nih.gov/ncbi/pubmed/in/PubMed.dtd">
<ArticleSet>
<Article>
<Journal>
				<PublisherName>انجمن روانشناسی اجتماعی ایران</PublisherName>
				<JournalTitle>پژوهش های روانشناسی اجتماعی</JournalTitle>
				<Issn>2251-8002</Issn>
				<Volume>15</Volume>
				<Issue>59</Issue>
				<PubDate PubStatus="epublish">
					<Year>2025</Year>
					<Month>11</Month>
					<Day>22</Day>
				</PubDate>
			</Journal>
<ArticleTitle>The Effects of Different Reward Structures and Gender on the Dishonesty Magnitude</ArticleTitle>
<VernacularTitle>تأثیر ساختارهای مختلف پاداش و جنسیت بر میزان عدم صداقت</VernacularTitle>
			<FirstPage>129</FirstPage>
			<LastPage>142</LastPage>
			<ELocationID EIdType="pii">235112</ELocationID>
			
<ELocationID EIdType="doi">10.22034/spr.2025.512890.2098</ELocationID>
			
			<Language>FA</Language>
<AuthorList>
<Author>
					<FirstName>هستی</FirstName>
					<LastName>اقبالی</LastName>
<Affiliation>گروه علوم اعصاب شناختی، دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روانشناسی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران</Affiliation>
<Identifier Source="ORCID">0009-0001-9688-962X</Identifier>

</Author>
<Author>
					<FirstName>سمیه</FirstName>
					<LastName>حیثیت طلب</LastName>
<Affiliation>گروه علوم اعصاب شناختی، دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روانشناسی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران</Affiliation>
<Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0001-8325-4476</Identifier>

</Author>
<Author>
					<FirstName>عبدالحسین</FirstName>
					<LastName>وهابی</LastName>
<Affiliation>گروه علوم شناختی، دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روان شناسی ، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران</Affiliation>

</Author>
</AuthorList>
				<PublicationType>Journal Article</PublicationType>
			<History>
				<PubDate PubStatus="received">
					<Year>2025</Year>
					<Month>04</Month>
					<Day>09</Day>
				</PubDate>
			</History>
		<Abstract>&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: &#039;B Nazanin&#039;;&quot;&gt;Introduction: Dishonesty, defined as the deliberate distortion of reality for personal or social gain, poses a significant challenge in social and organizational contexts. While previous research suggests that gender and reward structures influence dishonest behavior, findings have been inconsistent, and the interaction between these factors is not fully understood. This study aimed to investigate the specific roles of gender and different reward structures in shaping dishonest behavior.&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: &#039;B Nazanin&#039;;&quot;&gt;Method: A mixed factorial design was employed, with reward structure as a within-subjects factor (six levels: baseline, self-serving–other-harming, self-serving–other-serving, self-harming–other-serving, self-serving, and other-serving) and gender as a between-subjects factor (31 women and 31 men). Dishonest behavior was measured using the Dishonesty Escalation Task (Garrett, 2016). Data were analyzed using a linear mixed-effects model followed by Bonferroni post hoc tests.&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: &#039;B Nazanin&#039;;&quot;&gt;Results: The reward structure had a significant main effect on dishonesty (F=8.70, p&lt;0.001). While gender alone did not yield a significant main effect (p=0.07), its interaction with reward structure was significant (F=16.30, p&lt;0.001). Post-hoc analyses revealed that men exhibited higher levels of dishonesty in self-serving conditions, a difference that diminished in prosocial (other-serving) contexts.&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: &#039;B Nazanin&#039;;&quot;&gt;Conclusion: Dishonest behavior is more strongly influenced by situational reward structures than by gender alone. The findings suggest that implementing ethically oriented incentive systems could be an effective strategy for mitigating dishonesty in educational and organizational settings.&lt;/span&gt;</Abstract>
			<OtherAbstract Language="FA">&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: &#039;B Mitra&#039;; mso-ascii-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#039;B Nazanin&#039;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-bidi-language: FA;&quot;&gt;مقدمه:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: &#039;B Mitra&#039;; mso-ascii-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#039;B Nazanin&#039;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-bidi-language: FA;&quot;&gt; عدم صداقت به‌عنوان تحریف عمدی واقعیت برای کسب منافع شخصی یا گروهی، یکی از چالش‌های مهم در روابط انسانی و سازمانی است. شواهد نشان می‌دهد که عوامل مختلفی مانند جنسیت و ساختارهای پاداش می‌توانند در شکل‌گیری این رفتار مؤثر باشند، اما یافته‌های پیشین در این زمینه متناقض بوده و روشن نیست که این عوامل چگونه با یکدیگر تعامل می‌کنند. پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی نقش جنسیت و ساختارهای مختلف پاداش در بروز رفتارهای غیرصادقانه انجام شد&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif; mso-fareast-font-family: &#039;B Nazanin&#039;; mso-bidi-font-family: &#039;B Mitra&#039;; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-bidi-language: FA;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: &#039;B Mitra&#039;; mso-ascii-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#039;B Nazanin&#039;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-bidi-language: FA;&quot;&gt;روش:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: &#039;B Mitra&#039;; mso-ascii-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#039;B Nazanin&#039;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-bidi-language: FA;&quot;&gt; این پژوهش با طراحی آزمایشی عاملی مختلط انجام شد. متغیر درون‌گروهی شامل ۶ ساختار پاداش مختلف (خط مبنا، به ‌نفع خود &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif; mso-fareast-font-family: &#039;B Nazanin&#039;; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-bidi-language: FA;&quot;&gt;–&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: &#039;B Mitra&#039;; mso-ascii-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#039;B Nazanin&#039;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-bidi-language: FA;&quot;&gt; به ‌ضرر دیگری، به نفع خود - به نفع دیگری، به ضرر خود - به نفع دیگری، به نفع خود، به نفع دیگری) و متغیر بین‌گروهی شامل جنسیت (31 زن و 31 مرد) بود. برای سنجش دروغ‌گویی از تکلیف تشدید به عدم صداقت (گرت، 2016)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;FA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif; mso-fareast-font-family: &#039;B Nazanin&#039;; mso-bidi-font-family: &#039;B Mitra&#039;; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-bidi-language: FA;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: &#039;B Mitra&#039;; mso-ascii-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#039;B Nazanin&#039;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-bidi-language: FA;&quot;&gt;استفاده شد&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif; mso-fareast-font-family: &#039;B Nazanin&#039;; mso-bidi-font-family: &#039;B Mitra&#039;; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-bidi-language: FA;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: &#039;B Mitra&#039;; mso-ascii-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#039;B Nazanin&#039;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-bidi-language: FA;&quot;&gt; داده‌ها با مدل خطی مختلط و آزمون بونفرونی تحلیل شد&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif; mso-fareast-font-family: &#039;B Nazanin&#039;; mso-bidi-font-family: &#039;B Mitra&#039;; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-bidi-language: FA;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: &#039;B Mitra&#039;; mso-ascii-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#039;B Nazanin&#039;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-bidi-language: FA;&quot;&gt;یافته‌ها: &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: &#039;B Mitra&#039;; mso-ascii-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#039;B Nazanin&#039;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-bidi-language: FA;&quot;&gt;نتایج نشان داد ساختار پاداش تأثیر معناداری بر میزان دروغ‌گویی افراد داشت (001/0&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif; mso-fareast-font-family: &#039;B Nazanin&#039;; mso-bidi-font-family: &#039;B Mitra&#039;; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-bidi-language: FA;&quot;&gt;p&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: &#039;B Mitra&#039;; mso-ascii-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#039;B Nazanin&#039;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-bidi-language: FA;&quot;&gt;، 70/8 =&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif; mso-fareast-font-family: &#039;B Nazanin&#039;; mso-bidi-font-family: &#039;B Mitra&#039;; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-bidi-language: FA;&quot;&gt;F&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: &#039;B Mitra&#039;; mso-ascii-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#039;B Nazanin&#039;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-bidi-language: FA;&quot;&gt;)؛ جنسیت به‌تنهایی اثر معناداری نداشت (07/0=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif; mso-fareast-font-family: &#039;B Nazanin&#039;; mso-bidi-font-family: &#039;B Mitra&#039;; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-bidi-language: FA;&quot;&gt;p&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: &#039;B Mitra&#039;; mso-ascii-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#039;B Nazanin&#039;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-bidi-language: FA;&quot;&gt;)، اما تعامل جنسیت و ساختار پاداش معنادار بود(001/0&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif; mso-fareast-font-family: &#039;B Nazanin&#039;; mso-bidi-font-family: &#039;B Mitra&#039;; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-bidi-language: FA;&quot;&gt;p&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: &#039;B Mitra&#039;; mso-ascii-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#039;B Nazanin&#039;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-bidi-language: FA;&quot;&gt;،&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;FA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif; mso-fareast-font-family: &#039;B Nazanin&#039;; mso-bidi-font-family: &#039;B Mitra&#039;; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-bidi-language: FA;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: &#039;B Mitra&#039;; mso-ascii-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#039;B Nazanin&#039;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-bidi-language: FA;&quot;&gt;30/16=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif; mso-fareast-font-family: &#039;B Nazanin&#039;; mso-bidi-font-family: &#039;B Mitra&#039;; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-bidi-language: FA;&quot;&gt;F&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: &#039;B Mitra&#039;; mso-ascii-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#039;B Nazanin&#039;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-bidi-language: FA;&quot;&gt;). مردان در ساختارهای خودخدمتگرانه بیشتر دروغ گفتند، اما این تفاوت در ساختارهای جامعه‌پسند کاهش یافت&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif; mso-fareast-font-family: &#039;B Nazanin&#039;; mso-bidi-font-family: &#039;B Mitra&#039;; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-bidi-language: FA;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: &#039;B Mitra&#039;; mso-ascii-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#039;B Nazanin&#039;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-bidi-language: FA;&quot;&gt;نتیجه‌گیری:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: &#039;B Mitra&#039;; mso-ascii-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#039;B Nazanin&#039;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-bidi-language: FA;&quot;&gt; یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهند، نوع ساختار پاداش بیش از جنسیت بر رفتار غیرصادقانه اثرگذار است. طراحی پاداش‌های اخلاق‌محور می‌تواند؛ راهبردی کاربردی برای کاهش دروغ‌گویی در محیط‌های آموزشی و سازمانی باشد&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif; mso-fareast-font-family: &#039;B Nazanin&#039;; mso-bidi-font-family: &#039;B Mitra&#039;; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-bidi-language: FA;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;</OtherAbstract>
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			<Object Type="keyword">
			<Param Name="value">عدم صداقت</Param>
			</Object>
			<Object Type="keyword">
			<Param Name="value">ساختار پاداش</Param>
			</Object>
			<Object Type="keyword">
			<Param Name="value">جنسیت</Param>
			</Object>
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