Social Psychology Research

Abstract Introduction: Divorce often leads to familial tension, resulting in significant behavioral and psychological challenges for divorced women. Understanding the psychological factors influencing their adjustment is crucial for effective intervention. This study aimed to develop a structural model of psychological flexibility based on family intimacy and social adjustment, mediated by social well-being, in divorced women.  Method: This descriptive-correlational study utilized structural equation modeling (SEM). The statistical population consisted of divorced women in Tehran during 2023–2024. A sample of 350 participants was initially estimated, with an additional 20% (N = 420) included to account for potential attrition. Using purposive sampling, 409 questionnaires were analyzed. Data were collected using standardized measures: the Cognitive Flexibility Inventory (Dennis & Vanderwaal, 2010), Social Well-Being Scale (Keyes, 1998), Bell Social Adjustment Inventory (1945), and Family Intimacy Scale (Thompson & Walker, 1983). Data analysis employed Pearson’s correlation and SEM.  Results: Correlation analysis revealed significant positive relationships between psychological flexibility and family intimacy, social adjustment, and social well-being (p < 0.01). Multivariate regression confirmed that family intimacy, social adjustment, and social well-being significantly predicted psychological flexibility (p < 0.01). The structural model demonstrated good fit, supporting the hypothesized relationships.  Conclusion: Consistent with prior research, this study highlights the predictive roles of family intimacy, social adjustment, and social well-being in the psychological flexibility of divorced women. These findings underscore the importance of fostering supportive family dynamics and social integration to enhance psychological resilience post-divorce.   

Abstract   Introduction: The social well-being of social media users is one of the important issues in which there is a need to investigate the role of psychological factors. The present study was conducted to investigate the relationship between the need for online social feedback and social health and consider the mediating role of basic public needs in social network users.   Method: The research method was descriptive and correlational. According to Kline's (2011) sample size determination method, 380 people were selected as a sample using the available sampling method. Data collection tools included the Internet Social Feedback Need Scale (NfOSF; Doradooni et al, 2023), Keyes and Shapiro's (2004) social well-being Scale, and the General Basic Needs Satisfaction Scale (BNSG-S; Genieh, 2003). The data were analyzed using the structural equation model method. Results: The results showed a significant and positive correlation between all variables (p<0.01). Based on the results, the need for social feedback in social networks is 46% directly (p=0.001, β=-0.46) and 32% indirectly (p=0.001, β=-0.32) β) explains the variance of social well-being. Also, the need for social feedback in social networks is 62% (p=0.001, β=0.62) of the variance of satisfaction of basic public needs and satisfaction of basic public needs explains 52% (p=0.001, β=0.52) of the variance of social well-being. Conclusion: The need for social feedback in social networks is related to the lack of satisfaction with basic public needs. The need for online social feedback and failure to satisfy basic public needs predict low social well-being in social network users.

Abstract Introduction: Place attachment is the emotional bond that a person forms with a place. This concept influences people's life experiences in three domains: emotional, cognitive, and behavioral. The aim of this study was to examine the moderating role of the length of residence on the relationship between place attachment and mental health and social well-being in women living in Tehran.
Method: This was a descriptive-correlation study and the sample consisted of 241 women living in Tehran. They were selected by the convenience sampling method. The instruments used in this study were Safarinia's place attachment scale (2011), Besharat's mental health scale (2009), and Keys' social well-being scale (1998). The data were analyzed using structural equation modeling with SPSS v.20 and Smart PLS v.3 software.
Results: The results indicated that there was a positive and significant relationship between place attachment and mental health, as well as between place attachment and social well-being. Although there was a positive and significant relationship between the length of residence and place attachment, the length of residence did not moderate the relationship between place attachment and mental health and social well-being.
Conclusion: Based on the findings, it can be concluded that place attachment has a significant role in enhancing women's mental health and social well-being.

Abstract Introduction: The aim of this research was the comparison of place attachment, psychological reactance, and social well-being in residents of private homes and apartments in Rasht city. Method: The research was kind of causal-comparative and its sample was composed of 100 women and men residents of private homes and apartments in Rasht city that were selected by purposeful sampling method. Research tools included Place Attachment Scale (Saffarinia, 2011), Psychological Reactance Scale (Hong & Faedda, 1996), and Social Well-being Scale (Keyes, 1998). For analyzing data was used of one-way and multivariate variance analysis. Finding: The results indicated that place attachment, psychological reactance, and social well-being had significant differences (p<0.05) in residents of private homes and apartments in Rasht city. In other words, residents of private homes had more place attachment and social well-being than apartment residents and apartment residents had more psychological reactance than residents of private homes. Conclusion: According to the research results, to increase the place attachment and social well-being and reduce the negative psychological reaction of the apartment residents, it is necessary to plan and design the place in such a manner to create perceptual-emotional experiences and positive cognitive, emotional, and behavioral connections.

Abstract Introduction: Intimacy is a relationship in which there is care, mutual trust and acceptance. Regarding the importance of intimacy in the marital relationship, the aim of this study was to predict marital intimacy based on mindfulness, patterns of conflict resolution, perceived social support, and social well-being.
Method: The present research method was correlational. For this purpose, 264 people were selected from the women's community of Tehran using the available sampling. Participants responded to Marital Intimacy Scale (Thompson & Walker, 1983), Conflict Resolution Styles Questionnaire (Rahim, 1983), Short Form of the Freiburg Mindfulness Questionnaire (Wallach et al., 2006), Perceived Social Support Scale (Zimet, 1988) and responded to the social well-being Scale (Keys, 1998). For data analysis, multiple regression were used.
Result: The results showed that the variables of conflict resolution patterns, mindfulness, perceived social support and social well-being are significantly related to marital intimacy. In total, these variables were able to predict 23% of marital intimacy variance.
Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate the importance of conflict resolution, mindfulness, perceived social support and social well-being in explaining women's marital intimacy. Therefore, teaching the correct ways to resolve conflicts and mindfulness exercises, providing adequate support from family and important people in life, and strengthening the motivation to grow the social dimensions of women's personality is recommended.

Abstract Introduction: Social well-being is one of three subjective well-being dimensions that in a company with psychological and emotional well-being makes the full picture of mental health. Based on the social exchange theory, Social well-being could be predicted by social influence tactics and organizational collectivism culture. This study aimed to investigate the discriminatory power of social influence tactics and organizational collectivism culture in discriminating among three levels of social well-being in the workplace.
Method: The research method was predicting the type of correlational research that was designed to obtain a discriminant equation. The research sample was 179 National Iranian Oil Company personnel in 2019. The data were analyzed via SPSS-23 software, by ANOVA and discriminant analysis tests.
Results: Findings showed that there are significant differences in social influence tactics and organizational collectivism culture between three groups (high, medium, and low social well-being levels). Also, the discriminant analysis showed that social influence tactics and organizational collectivism culture combination, significantly discriminant among three levels of social well-being in the workplace.
Conclusion: Findings indicate that in line with Social Exchange Theory, using soft social influence strategies in organizations with collectivist culture, via increasing psychological rewards and decreasing psychological costs in interpersonal relationships, will impact the quality of interpersonal relationships and accordingly produce high levels of social well-being in the workplace.

Abstract Introduction: Human life is composed of a set of positive and negative beliefs that play a vital role in the advancement of life.Thus, the purpose of this study was to predict social wellbeing and social trust through belief in a just world.
Method: The present study was a descriptive-analytic study of correlation type. The population of the study was the people referring to counseling clinics in Tehran. The sample consisted of 100 people who were selected randomly. To collect data, questionnaires were used to question the beliefs of the just world: Satun & Douglas (2005),Keys social welfare (1998), and social trust of Safarinia and Sharif (1392). Data were analyzed by correlation and regression analysis using SPSS23 software..
Results: The results showed a positive and significant relationship between belief in just world and social wellbeing (r =0.46, p < 0.01). But there is no significant correlation between belief in justly world and social trust. Moreover, the results showed that belief in just world explained 27 percent of social wellbeing changes.
Conclusion: Using the results we can conclude People's beliefs about the world can be effective in providing their health and wellbeing.

Abstract The aim of this research was the comparison of forgiveness, aggression and social well-being among among healthy individuals and people with social phobia and narcissism. The research was kind of causal-comparative and it`s sample was composed of 90 people (30 people with social phobia, 30 narcissistic and 30 healthy individuals) that were selected by convenient sampling method. Research tool included Social Phobia Inventory (Connor etal, 2000), Narcissistic Personality Inventory (Raskin & Terry, 1998), Forgiveness Questionnaire (Saffarinia & Mafakheri, 1390), Ahwaz Aggression Scale (Zahedifar, Najarian & Shokrkone, 1379) and Social Well-being Scale (Keyes, 1998). For analyzing data was used of multivariate variance analysis. The results indicated that healthy individuals experienced higher forgiveness and social well-being and lower aggression than narcissistic individuals and people with social phobia. According to the research results, exhibiting educational workshops and considering therapeutic techniques in psychological interventions is recommended for inhancing forgiveness and social well-being and decreasing aggression in narcissistic individuals and people with social phobia.

Abstract Introduction: This research has studied the effectiveness of Adlerian psychotherapy on decreasing of feeling of inferiority and increasing of social well-being among betrayed women. Methods: This research is of semi- experimental study with pre-test - post-test and follow-up and a control group. A total of 16 betrayed women were selected in available sampling among the reffered of Mental health of Community-Based Health center and counseling Municipality Center in Tehran and randomly assigned to two experimental and control group. Experiment group was expose to Adlerian psychotherapy for 10 session. Before and after 10 Adlerian psychotherapy session, and 2 month later, the Feeling inferiority questionnaire by Bahrami and Khodaday (1391) and social well-being questionnaire by Kizz (1998) were run of both of group... Data were analyzed by ANCOVA. Results: The results of the study shows that Adlerian psychotherapy, has decreased the feeling of inferiority and increased of social well-being among betrayed women. And comparison of arrage of pre-test and post-test score had meaningful differ. Conclusion: According coaching results in this research, Adlerian psychotherapy could be decreasing inferiority feeling and increasing of social well-being of betrayed women, and it is suggested to be used this type of psychotherapy for most of betrayed women, in order to their psychological empowerment.

Abstract Introduction: this research has been carried out among drug-quitting addict women to study the effectiveness of self-encouragement training on social and psychological well-being. Method: This research is of semi-experimental kind accompanied by pretest – post-test and follow-up with an experimental group. The statistical universe includes 20 of addict women under, so 10 people were placed in experiment group randomly. Experiment group was exposed to a self-encouragement training for 10 sessions of 120 minutes. They were evaluated before and after training intervention by Kizz social well-being questionnaire (1998) and Reef psychological well-being questionnaire (1980) and then 3 months after training, again they were followed up. The data were analyzed by variance analysis test with repeated measurement and post test. Results: self-encouragement training showed a significant difference in social and psychological scales as compared with before training. Conclusion: self-encouragement training can greatly help to situation of social and psychological well-being of drug-quitting women.