Social Psychology Research

Abstract Introduction: Martial disaffection is one of the most important causes of problems and negative consequences among couples, which can lead to divorce. Therefore, investigating the factors affecting this variable is very important. The purpose of this research was to predict marital disaffection based on cognitive distortion, interpersonal forgiveness, and cognitive emotion regulation in married people. Method: This correlation study was conducted on 200 married people who were referred to Zanjan health centers in the year 1400. The study population was selected using a multi-stage cluster sampling method. Data were collected using the Martial Disaffection Scale (MDS), Interpersonal Cognitive Distortion Scale (ICDS), Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ-P), and Interpersonal Forgiveness Questionnaire based on self-report. Data analysis was done in SPSS software (version 24) using regression analysis and Pearson's correlation coefficient at a significance level of ≤ 0.05. Results: The results obtained from multiple regression showed that the multiple correlations between cognitive distortions, interpersonal forgiveness, and cognitive emotion regulation with marital disaffection are 0.41 (P≤0.05). Also, 17% of the variance of marital disaffection is explained by predictor variables. Interpersonal forgiveness has the largest contribution in explaining the variance of marital disaffection. Conclusion: Marital disaffection in couples is influenced by various intrapersonal and interpersonal factors. Therefore, identifying factors affecting marital disaffection and using its results in a practical and interventional way has many effects on improving couples' relationships. It is suggested that disaffection be considered a general concept that encompasses different dimensions and all its aspects should be examined.

Abstract Introduction: The concept of belonging is a fundamental aspect of human relatedness theory, which posits that feeling connected to others is a core psychological need. The Sense of Belonging Instrument (SOBI) has been developed to measure this construct among college students, a population for whom belonging can significantly impact academic and social success. This study aims to validate the SOBI within the framework of human relatedness theory. Method: In a descriptive-correlational and validation study, 200 participants from higher education institutions in Mashhad were randomly selected through a multistage sampling method. They completed the Sense of Belonging Instrument (Hagerty & Patusky, 1995), Need to Belong Scale (Kelly, 1999), Social and Emotional Loneliness Scale for Adults (Ditommaso, Brannen, & Best, 2004), Young Schema Questionnaire - Short Form (Waller, Meyer, & Ohanian, 2001), Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale (Lovibond, & Lovibond, 1995), the Psychological Distress Scale (Kessler et al., 2002), and the Satisfaction with Life Scale (Diener, Emmons, Larsen, & Griffin, 1985). The data were analyzed using exploratory factor analysis, correlation coefficient, multiple regression, and multivariate analysis of variance. Results: Findings revealed that the sense of belonging instrument has a two-factor structure accounting for 71.72% of the variance. The negative and significant correlation of the sense of belonging instrument with the need to belong, the feeling of social loneliness, and the schema of social isolation, supported divergent validity (P<0.01). Furthermore, predictive validity analyses demonstrated that the SOBI's dimensions are inversely associated with depression and psychological distress, while positively associated with life satisfaction (P<0.01). No marked differences were noted concerning age and gender. Conclusion: The SOBI demonstrated robust validity and reliability within this study, endorsing its utility as a productive instrument to measure the sense of belonging in students

Abstract Introduction: Today, young people suffer from mental health problems due to the pressures and challenges that are likely to occur during their student days, so it is very important to recognize mental health problems and the factors that affect them.This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the moderating role of mindfulness in the relationship between addiction to social networks and social-emotional health in students.   Method: The method of the present research was correlation of structural equation modeling. The statistical population of this research was all undergraduate students of Al-Zahra University in 1402-1401 and the sample size of the research was estimated at 302 people. The data of the research was collected using questionnaires for addiction to social networks by Ahmadi, Poladi and Bahraini (2015), social-emotional health by Furlong, Shishim and Dowdy (2017) and Freiburg mindfulness short form by Walach, Buchheld, Buttenmüller, Kleinknecht, & Schmidt (2006).   Results: The results showed that there was a significant relationship between addiction to social networks and social-emotional health (β=-0.62, P=0.001), also between mindfulness and addiction to social networks (β=-0.85, P=0.001) and on the other hand, between A significant relationship was also observed between mindfulness and emotional-social health (β=0.3, P=0.001). The results also showed that there was a significant relationship between addiction to social networks and social-emotional health considering the moderating role of mindfulness.     Conclusion: The research indicates that mindfulness plays a critical role in decreasing behavioral addictions, such as those related to social networks, while also improving social-emotional well-being. This highlights the potential for mindfulness to be a key component in preventive programs aimed at enhancing mental health in society.

Abstract   Introduction: The social well-being of social media users is one of the important issues in which there is a need to investigate the role of psychological factors. The present study was conducted to investigate the relationship between the need for online social feedback and social health and consider the mediating role of basic public needs in social network users.   Method: The research method was descriptive and correlational. According to Kline's (2011) sample size determination method, 380 people were selected as a sample using the available sampling method. Data collection tools included the Internet Social Feedback Need Scale (NfOSF; Doradooni et al, 2023), Keyes and Shapiro's (2004) social well-being Scale, and the General Basic Needs Satisfaction Scale (BNSG-S; Genieh, 2003). The data were analyzed using the structural equation model method. Results: The results showed a significant and positive correlation between all variables (p<0.01). Based on the results, the need for social feedback in social networks is 46% directly (p=0.001, β=-0.46) and 32% indirectly (p=0.001, β=-0.32) β) explains the variance of social well-being. Also, the need for social feedback in social networks is 62% (p=0.001, β=0.62) of the variance of satisfaction of basic public needs and satisfaction of basic public needs explains 52% (p=0.001, β=0.52) of the variance of social well-being. Conclusion: The need for social feedback in social networks is related to the lack of satisfaction with basic public needs. The need for online social feedback and failure to satisfy basic public needs predict low social well-being in social network users.

Abstract Introduction: Few studies have examined the observability of social class through non-verbal cues as well as stereotypes related to class. This research aimed to investigate the relationship between reported social class and perceived social class via pictures with mediating stereotypes concerning class compromised: (attractiveness, intimacy, affect, competence, power, and maturity) Method: The current study utilized correlational and path analysis methodologies with a sample of 110 post-graduate students at the National Library of Iran. Participants assessed their social class status through a subjective scale based on parental education, and their class position in images was evaluated by external observers who also identified associated stereotypes. Data analysis involved correlation tests and path analysis techniques. Results: The findings of this research showed that the appearance of the face shows the underlying structure of the social class. It also showed that perceivers who classify social class use a variety of stereotypes for their judgment including attractiveness, competence, affection, and intimacy and all these variables have a positive and significant correlation with higher social class. However, the variables of facial dominance and maturity have a negative correlation with the perceived social class and are not used as valid variables in the perception of social class. Conclusion: Overall, this research provides a clearer structure of the relationship between social class status and facial appearance and helps to understand how the first impression of social class status may not only affect our daily interactions but also have long-term consequences in our lives

Abstract Introduction: The presence of a child with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in a family can affect the performance of the family. This study aims to compare social loneliness, marital conflict, and belief in a just world in mothers with and without children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Method: The statistical population includes mothers with and without children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in the year 2022. The research sample includes 400 mothers (200 with Children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and 200 without Children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder). The participants responded to Ditommaso & et al, Social Loneliness Scale (2004), Sanai's Marital Conflict Questionnaire (2000), and Sutton & Douglas's Belief in a Just World Questionnaire (2005). The data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance and SPSS-23 software. Results: The results show that there is a significant difference between mothers with and without children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in terms of social loneliness, marital conflict, and belief in a just world (p<0.05). Conclusion: Findings emphasize the importance of paying attention to social loneliness, marital conflict, and belief in a just world in mothers with children suffering from attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and have an important role in educational interventions.

Abstract Introduction: The purpose of the research was to explain children's social skills based on the parents' emotional regulation, considering the mediating role of parent-child relationships. Methods: The parents of elementary school students in Yazd in the academic year 2022-2023 formed the statistical population of this research, and 300 of these parents were selected as the study sample by cluster method. Research measurements were the Child–Parent Relationship Scale (CPRS), the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (Gratz & Roemer, 2004), and the Social Skills Rating System (Gresham & Elliott, 1990). The partial least square method (PLS-SEM) was used to analyze the data.  Results: According to the findings, emotional regulation (P=0.468) was not a direct predictor of children's social skills; while emotional awareness (P=0.001) predicted children's social skills. Emotional regulation (P=0.033) and emotional awareness (P=0.033) were negative predictors of parent-child conflict, but emotional regulation (P=0.036) and emotional awareness (P=0.001) were positive predictors of parent-child closeness. Based on the findings, emotion regulation (P=0.045) and emotional awareness (P=0.001) predicted children's social skills through parent-child closeness. Conclusion: It can be said that although emotion regulation in parents alone did not explain social skills in children; due to increasing parent-child closeness, it can lead to social skills in children. In this research, the distinctive role of emotional awareness compared to other components of emotion regulation was considered.

Abstract  Introduction: Addiction is one of the social harms that society is always involved with. By improving some social and psychological characteristics in addicted people, the treatment process can be facilitated more favorably. With Farish's cognitive-behavioral therapy approaches, it is possible to help in various ways to improve the social and psychological capabilities of addicted people and to facilitate the treatment process. Therefore, this research was conducted with the aim of the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy based on Michael Frisch's model on social responsibility and psychological well-being in drug addiction treatment centers. Method: The research was semi-experimental, with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population included all the treatment-seeking drug addiction treatment centers under the supervision of the Welfare Organization Mashhad, from which 30 people were voluntarily selected and randomly placed in two groups of 15 people, experimental and control. To collect data, the Salkovskis Social Responsibility Questionnaire (Salkovskis, 2000) and the Riff Psychological Well-Being Questionnaire (1989) were used. The experimental group received 8 sessions of cognitive-behavioral therapy based on Michael Frisch's model. The data were analyzed based on multiple covariance analysis. Results: The results of the research showed that cognitive-behavioral therapy based on the Michael Frisch model led to accountability improvement (F=7.943, P<0.05) and improved cognitive well-being (F=9.971, P<0.05), and seeking treatment to get rid of addiction. Conclusion: Based on this, counseling centers and addiction treatment camps can also use non-drug treatment methods to help addicts, according to the results of the present study.  

Abstract Introduction: the relationship between the perception of social and economic inequality and the mental health of women working in health and treatment centers in Tehran. Method: This study, carried out in the year 1401, was descriptive-cross-sectional and its statistical population was all female employees working in health and treatment centers in Tehran who had at least 3 years of work experience and no history of mental illness. The samples included 325 drawn through cluster and random sampling methods. To collect data, the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) developed by Goldberg et al. (1972), the Social and Economic Inequality questionnaire developed by Pourmohsan et al. (2020), and the Women's Health (WHQ, 1992) were used. Pearson correlation methods and Multiple regression were used for statistical analysis. Results: The results showed that there is a significant relationship between social and economic inequality and women's mental health (0.001). Also, the predictive power of social and economic inequality for women's mental health was significant (0.001). Conclusion: The results indicated the existence of a relationship between social and economic inequality and the mental health of working women. Empowering women and increasing social awareness can help reduce women's sense of socio-economic inequality and increase the health and well-being of society.