Social Psychology Research

Abstract Introduction: Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) has shown promising results in improving the psychosocial well-being of patients with type 2 diabetes in various studies. The aim of this research is to determine the combined effect size of ACT on psychosocial dimensions in Iranian patients with type 2 diabetes.
Method: Meta-analysis was employed as the statistical method in this study. The statistical population consisted of 86 studies conducted between 2013 and 2023 that investigated the effectiveness of ACT on the psychosocial performance of type 2 diabetes patients in Iran.
Findings: Treatment based on acceptance and commitment therapy showed a significant impact on the psychosocial well-being of type 2 diabetes patients, with an overall effect size of 1.178, indicating a very strong effect. The average effect size for psychosocial dimensions with a dominant psychological component was 1.187, indicating a very strong effect, while the average effect size for psychosocial dimensions with a dominant social component was 0.791, indicating a strong effect.
Conclusion: Acceptance and commitment therapy has a significant positive impact on the psychosocial functioning of type 2 diabetes patients, with a greater effect on psychosocial dimensions with a dominant psychological component than on psychosocial dimensions with a dominant social component. These findings highlight the potential of ACT as an effective intervention to improve the well-being of patients with type 2 diabetes.

Abstract Introduction: Electricity-saving behavior is one of the key ways to reduce electricity consumption. The purpose of this research was to create and validate educational content aimed at teaching electricity-saving behavior.
Method: This research utilized thematic analysis and adapted the findings to a local model. The first step involved reviewing articles published on scientific websites between 2010 and 2020 that were related to electricity-saving behavior. A total of 103 articles were included in the sample. In the second step, the findings from these articles were aligned with the elements of the model proposed by Abdivarmazan et al. (2018, 2019). The third step involved creating educational content that encompassed the extracted themes as well as the elements of the aforementioned model. The fourth step included assessing the validity of the educational content with the help of 28 experts in relevant fields. Finally, in the fifth step, the educational content was re-evaluated through interviews with six experts in education and social psychology.
Findings: The research findings included the identification of 422 foundational concepts, which were organized into 17 themes. Together, these themes contributed to the comprehensive concept of Electricity Saving Behavior. The educational content was developed and validated over the course of eight 90-minute sessions, with its validity confirmed by experts.
Conclusion: This program serves as a comprehensive resource and an effective tool for educating individuals about Electricity Saving Behavior.

Abstract Introduction: An individual's attitude toward time and their childhood relationships can significantly influence their behaviors, both normal and abnormal, as well as their tendencies toward addiction. This research aims to predict internet addiction by examining various types of time perspectives and patterns of object relations.
Method: This study was descriptive and correlational in nature, focusing on first-year female secondary school students in Tehran during the 2021-2022 academic year. From this population, 311 students were selected as the research sample using convenience sampling. Data were collected through three instruments: the Internet Addiction Questionnaire (Young, 1998), the Time Perspective Inventory (Zimbardo, 1999), and the Object Relations Inventory (Bell, 1995). The data were analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis.
Findings: The results of the data analysis indicated that among the different time perspectives, a hedonistic present orientation, a positive past perspective, and a goal-oriented future outlook, along with self-centeredness in object relations, significantly predicted internet addiction among female students. The relationship between internet addiction and both hedonistic and fatalistic present time perspectives, as well as negative past orientation, was found to be positive and significant. Conversely, the relationship with other time perspectives was negative and significant. Additionally, internet addiction showed a positive and significant relationship with all patterns of object relations, including self-centeredness, alienation, social incompetence, and insecure attachment (P ≤ 0.05).
Conclusion: Given the confirmed role of time perspective and object relations in predicting internet addiction, it is recommended that these 

Abstract Introduction: Smoking often begins at a young age, leading to thousands of young people taking up the habit each year. The widespread prevalence of smoking and its harmful effects highlight the need to explore the factors contributing to this behavior. This study aims to investigate the mediating role of academic burnout in the relationship between emotion regulation, perceived social support, and students' tendency to smoke.
Method: This study adopted a quantitative approach, focusing on practical purposes and employing correlation structural equations as the research method for data collection. The statistical population consisted of all male and female students at Mohaghegh Ardabili University during the academic year 2022-2023. A total of 326 students were selected through convenience sampling. Participants completed online questionnaires assessing their smoking tendencies, emotion regulation (using the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire), perceived social support (using the Multidimensional Perceived Social Support Scale), and academic burnout (measured by the Maslach Burnout Inventory). Data analysis was conducted using descriptive statistical methods, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and structural equation modeling, utilizing SPSS version 24 and AMOS version 24 software.
Findings: The results indicated that the proposed model in this research demonstrates a good fit. Emotional regulation and social support have an indirect effect on the tendency to smoke, mediated by academic burnout. The fit indices are as follows: χ²/df = 1.5, RMSEA = 0.04, SRMR = 0.04, GFI = 0.96, AGFI = 0.94, and CFI = 0.97. Based on these findings, conducting educational workshops to raise awareness about the dangers of smoking, academic pressures, and effective coping strategies could be beneficial.

Abstract Introduction: Cyber ​​Victimization is one of the new harms of today's society. The aim of the present study was to develop a structural model of cyberbullying victimization based on perceived social support and Internet addiction with the mediating role of personality traits.
 Method:  The statistical population of this research included the second-high school female students of Khwansar city, 170 of whom were identified using random cluster sampling, and the data collection tool was 4 standard questionnaires of cyber victimization by Antoniado et al. (2016), Internet addiction by Young (1998), Zeman et al.'s perceived social support (1998) and Costa and McCrae's (1985) short form of personality traits.
Results: Findings using AMOS software showed that Internet addiction has a significant and inverse relationship with responsibility and a significant and direct relationship with psychoticism. Perceived social support also has a significant direct relationship with responsibility and extroversion. The subscale of neuroticism has a direct and significant relationship with cyber victimization, and finally, the factor of responsibility and extroversion as mediating factors with Internet addiction and social support have a significant relationship with cyber victimization, and the indirect relationship of other subscales was not significant.
Conclusion: Therefore, it can be concluded that when people who become cyber victims develop an addiction to the Internet, their responsibility decreases and their neuroticism increases. The greater their social support, the greater their responsibility and extraversion. Also, neurotic people are more likely to become cyber victims. Finally, it can be concluded that the factors of responsibility and extraversion indirectly affect cyber victimization through Internet addiction and social support.

Abstract Introduction: Dark personality traits are linked to various social harms, including virtual bullying. This study aimed to explore the relationship between the five dark personality traits and virtual bullying, focusing on the moderating role of theory of mind in students.
Method: The current research is descriptive-correlational in nature. The statistical population includes all students enrolled in various universities across the country during the academic year 1402-1401. From this population, a sample of 426 individuals was selected using a simple random sampling method. The research utilized several tools, including a questionnaire assessing dark personality traits, a virtual bullying questionnaire, and the Theory of Mind computer test conducted within the Pursline virtual system. Data were analyzed using the adjusted hierarchical regression method.
Findings: The research results indicate a significant positive relationship between Machiavellian, antisocial, bullying, and spiteful traits and virtual bullying (P=0.001). Conversely, there is a significant negative relationship between narcissism and virtual bullying (P=0.001). Additionally, the findings reveal that theory of mind plays a moderating role in the relationship between other traits associated with harassment and spitefulness and virtual bullying (P=0.001). In other words, when theory of mind is low, the connection between the dark traits of vindictiveness and bullying and cyberbullying becomes stronger.
Conclusion: According to the results of this study, promoting theory of mind appears to be an effective protective factor against virtual harassment.

Abstract Introduction: The Internet, as an advanced technology, has several negative effects, one of which is Internet addiction. This addiction is influenced by various factors. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to investigate the roles of loneliness, social anxiety, and sensation seeking in predicting Internet addiction among students.
 Method: This research is descriptive and correlational in nature. A total of 269 male and female students from Neishabor University were selected using a multi-stage random sampling method. The participants completed several questionnaires, including Young's Internet Addiction Questionnaire (1998), Russell's Loneliness Scale (1980), the Social Anxiety Scale developed by Metic and Clark (1989), and Zuckerman's Sensation-Seeking Scale (1978).
Findings: To analyze the data, we employed Pearson correlation methods and stepwise regression analysis. The results from the Pearson correlation indicated a significant relationship between loneliness and Internet addiction. Additionally, social anxiety was found to have a direct and significant relationship with Internet addiction. Furthermore, all components of sensation-seeking also showed a direct and significant relationship with Internet addiction. The regression analysis results revealed that the loneliness variable accounted for 8% of the variance in Internet addiction. In the second step, social anxiety explained an additional 9% of the variance. In total, the three variables together accounted for 11% of the variance in Internet addiction.
Conclusion: According to the research findings, loneliness, social anxiety, and thrill-seeking all play a significant role in predicting students' social health. It is recommended that suitable and effective counseling services be provided for students. Additionally, it is essential to identify the causes of loneliness among students and to prevent complications such as internet addiction by implementing appropriate solutions to mitigate this issue.

Abstract Introduction: Adolescence is a critical and vulnerable time when individuals are at risk of starting drug abuse. It is essential to identify the factors that can prevent drug addiction. Therefore, this research aims to predict the likelihood of drug use based on the level of self-coherence, with self-compassion acting as a mediator. The study focuses on tenth-grade students at Kamiyaran Boys High School.
Method: Adolescence is a critical and vulnerable time when individuals are at risk of starting drug abuse. It is essential to identify the factors that can prevent drug addiction. Therefore, this research aims to predict the likelihood of drug use based on the level of self-coherence, with self-compassion acting as a mediator. The study focuses on tenth-grade students at Kamiyaran Boys High School.
Findings: The research results indicated that self-coherence has a negative and significant effect on the tendency to use drugs. Additionally, self-compassion also has a negative and significant effect (p < 0.001) on drug use tendencies. The study confirmed that self-compassion mediates the relationship between self-coherence and the tendency to use drugs. Specifically, the indirect effect of self-coherence on drug use tendencies was found to be 20, which is significant at the 0.001 level.
Conclusion: Increasing self-coherence and self-compassion skills in students can reduce their tendency to use drugs.

Abstract Introduction: In today's world, the increasing dependence on mobile phones has led to negative effects on individuals’ daily lives, resulting in mental, physical, and social harm. This study aims to predict mobile phone addiction based on feelings of loneliness and social anxiety among female high school students.
Method: This study employed a descriptive-correlational design and utilized regression analysis. The population consisted of all female high school students attending Exceptional Talents High in Mashhad during the 2023 academic year (N=1500). From this population, 336 students were selected through multi-stage cluster random sampling. Data collection involved the use of standardized questionnaires, including the Mobile Phone Addiction Scale (Leung, 2008), the Loneliness Scale (DiTommaso, 2004), and the Social Anxiety Scale (Puklek & Viddec, 2008). The data were then analyzed using multiple regression and path analysis techniques.
Finding: The correlation coefficients showed a significant positive relationship between dimensions of loneliness, social anxiety, and components of mobile phone addiction. The regression results indicated that, among the dimensions of loneliness, family loneliness had stronger predictive power for mobile phone addiction. Similarly, among the dimensions of social anxiety, the behavioral aspect showed a stronger predictive capability. Additionally, emotional loneliness was found to have a stronger predictive power for social anxiety among the dimensions of loneliness (p < 0.05). Path analysis further demonstrated that loneliness influenced mobile phone addiction both directly and indirectly, as did social anxiety.
Conclusion: Loneliness and social anxiety are significant factors in mobile phone addiction, highlighting the necessity for community awareness about technology and its proper usage.